Exam 1 American History Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

Exam 1 American History Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers Exam 1 American History How many languages did Native American groups in North America speak in 1492? The groups in Mexico and above spoke between 300 and 350 different languages. So we can't think of American Indians as simply one group-it is exactly the opposite. Which Pre-Columbian culture is most known for the human sacrifice and cannibalism? (Aztecs) Spaniards were particularly appalled at the Aztec's practices of human sacrifice, connected with their fertility rituals. What was the level of cultural advancement of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas compared to other Indian groups ( and the Spanish)? The Indians were more set in their ways. The Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas were more advanced. Their "communities" "cities" "land" was more elaborate and larger than the Indians. What was the main characteristic of the "New Monarchs" compared to previous rulers in Europe? These Monarchs recruited national armies(not private like before) imposed national taxes, and also brought about national court systems. They brought about a measure of control and political stability, so there was actually less fighting-even though wars would now be in larger scale. Essentially now instead of thousands and thousands of little kingdoms under local control we now have the equivalent of the modern nation-state, which is much more likely to foster things like exploration and discovery. Technological advances were becoming more frequent. These were not only new advances, scholars had rediscovered many Greek, Roman, and Arab texts that changed the Europeans views of the natural world. Also the printing press was invented by Gutenberg in the 1440s which helped spread knowledge and thus accelerating technological advancements. Who were the first Europeans to explore West Africa and exploit African Labor? The first Europeans to sail the coast of West Africa were the Portuguese. The Portuguese were interested in gold and slaves, but the African Nations were too strong for Portugal to simply take these militarily. The Portuguese would deal with the local African elites. As slaves became needed, local leaders found more ways to collect the numbers. What was Columbus's major miscalculation on his first voyage? Columbus thought that Asia was 3000 miles west of Spain, when it was actually 10000 miles west of Spain. He thought the world was actually a lot smaller than it actually is. He did not realize anything lay between Europe and Asia. What did the treaty of Tordesillas (1494) do? Spain claimed all of this new territory (America) even before they knew what or where it was. Portugal also claimed the new territory thinking it was a new route to India which they claimed control of. To avoid war the two countries got arbitration from the pope (head of the Christian church) and in the treaty of Tordesillas the New World was divided between the Spanish and the Portuguese. Because they didn't know what all of this looked like Spain received almost all of the New World and Portugal received only part of brazil. Who was the German Monk who started the Protestant Reformation in Europe? Martin Luther (1517) Wrote 95 thesis to the church door in Wittenburg, Germany. These were public complaints against abuses, especially indulgences. Luther went a step further and criticized the idea of penance- where a priest would assign a specific task to absolve him of that particular sin. He suggested that the term "do penance" should be interpreted as simply "repent". Luther believed that god made every decision and that man actually didn't decide things like his own salvation. What came about as a result of the Act of Supremacy (1534)? In 1534 Henry VIII with parliamentary support enacted the act of supremacy in which Henry declared himself head of the Church of England. After several very confusing years following Henry's death his daughter Elizabeth came to the throne and brought about political stability. There was still controversy over whether England was Catholic or Protestant. They had switched a couple of times after Henry's death. Who wrote the Institutes of the Christian Religion? John Calvin (1536) Predestination meant that god had chosen some people to be saved and some to be damned. Individuals did not have the right to choose god, instead god chose them. Calvinists were forever searching for a sign that they were in fact among the elect ( chosen ones). So essentially they said that if you

How To Use the Spanish Verb Parar

How To Use the Spanish Verb Parar Although the Spanish verb parar is a cognate of the English verb pare, its meaning is far different: It generally means to stop or to halt something or someone, and the words most closely related to parar are usually related to the idea of something being stopped. Parar is conjugated regularly, following the pattern of hablar. Sample Sentences Using Parar Parar can function as either a transitive or intransitive verb. It can be used, respectively, to say that something is being halted or that that someone or something is stopping or that an activity coming to an end. Some examples of parar used transitively: El policà ­a me parà ³ cuando manejaba el auto de mi mam. (The policeman stopped me when I was driving my mothers car.)En el minuto 11 pararon el partido entre Espaà ±a y Ecuador. (In the 11th minute they halted the match between Spain and Ecuador.)Quieren parar la cosecha para combatir el trabajo infantil. (They want to stop the harvest in order to fight child labor.)Vamos a parar la privatizacià ³n del petrà ³leo. Were going to stop the privatization of oil. In sports usage, intercept can sometimes be a good translation: El portero parà ³ tres penaltis tras la prà ³rroga. (The goalie intercepted three penalty kicks in overtime.) Examples of parar as an intransitive verb: El coche parà ³ en el lado del camino. (The car stopped on the side of the road.)Vamos a parar para rehidratarnos y para descansar. (We are going to stop to rehydrate ourselves and to rest.)Quiero que no pare el concierto. (I hope the concert doesnt end.) The reflexive form pararse can also be used to refer to a person or thing stopping rather than being stopped. Me parà © cuando lleguà © al camino. I stopped when I arrived at the road.No nos vamos a parar a explicaros cà ³mo hacerlo. Were not going to stop to explain to you how to do it. ¿Te paraste a pensar que deberà ­a? Did you stop to think what you should do?Ella se parà ³ frente a mi, sujetando mis hombros. She stopped in front of me, grabbing my shoulders. Using Prepositions With Parar The phrase parar de followed by an infinitive refers to the stopping or quitting of an action: Los Tigres no pararon de festejar en el vestidor. (The Tigers didnt stop celebrating in the locker room.)Hay muchos beneficios de parar de fumar. (There are many benefits to quitting smoking.) The phrase parar en often suggests remaining stationary or staying somewhere: Me parà ³ en la puerta de la habitacià ³n y di un leve toque a la puerta. (I stood at the door of the room and lightly knocked on the door.)Mientras que en una tour de Rumania, paramos en el hotel Wolf en Bran. (While on a tour of Romania, we stayed at the Wolf Hotel in Bran.) The phrase sin parar is very common and refers to something happening nonstop or continuously: Bailamos sin parar en San Isidro lloviera o hiciera sol. (We danced all the time in San Isidro, rain or shine.)Javier comà ­a sin parar con una sonrisa en los labios. (Javier ate nonstop with a smile on his lips.) Words Related to Parar The past participle parado often refers to being unemployed or otherwise idle. As a personality trait, parado can refer to someone being timid; sometimes it is used pejoratively to refer to someone unambitious. In can also refer to someone being taken aback or surprised: Grecia emplear temporalmente a 50.000 parados en trabajos para la comunidad. (Greece will temporarily hire 50,000 unemployed people in community jobs.)Mi hijo es muy parado, y por esta causa a mi hija le gusta controlar la situacià ³n. (My son is quite timid, so my daughter likes to control the situation.)Estaba viendo en la televisià ³n como siempre y me encontrà © con algo que me dejà ³ parado. (I was watching the television as always and ran across something that left me stunned.) A parada is a place where vehicles stop to pick up or drop off passengers: La parada de autobuses se encuentra a la salida del aeropuerto. (The bus stop is found at the airports exit.) Key Takeaways Parar is a common verb usually meaning to stop or to halt.Parar can be used transitively (with a direct object) or intransitively (without an object).Sin parar is a common phrase meaning without stopping or continuously.

How have archaeologists' attempts to interpret sex and gender Essay

How have archaeologists' attempts to interpret sex and gender relations in the past changed over the last thirty years - Essay Example vii). However, this is the core problem with the way in which cultures have been framed through Western belief systems, thus making assumptions about the way that sex and gender are considered within those societies subject to modern standards of understanding. It is important to re-examine the nature of social structures that have been determined through biased assumptions in order to better construct a picture of an ancient societies. Studying Gender through Archaeological Inquiry In studying gender, Gilchrist states (1999, p. x), â€Å"gender is revealed as a metaphor for relations between men and women: gender is an expression of social practice and beliefs about sexual difference†. The nature of defining social structures through gender relations provides for a depth of context that is not often discovered in archaeological pursuit. The nature of interrelationships between men and women is such that it defines family, political structures, social class structures, and all aspects of society that must be framed to understand how a culture lived. Gosden (1999, p. 135) points out that in the continual creation of gender as it exists within society, the nature of people can be seen for their ’composite’ as it is a creation of sets of relationships that define social roles and identities. In studying gender, a central part of that concept can become understood. Joyce (2000, p. 177) states that â€Å"Gender and power are completely intertwined because the social control of individual experience of the body is the most intimate level of discipline practiced by authorities†. In defining the roles that exist within the genders, it is clear that these roles are defined differently depending on location. Settings define the nature of a gender role, whether it be within a public sphere or in a private sphere (Joyce 2000, p. 182). In creating a discussion of gender, the relationships as they are defined by location creates a textually deeper understanding of how a culture interacted. In putting the domestic roles in context with the public roles, a defined space begins to emerge in which male and female participation in cultural life is spatially recognizable. The nature of social order and discipline becomes defined for the way in which it is practiced within relationships of importance, many of which are specified as roles of gender. Studying gender through feminist referencing in archaeology did not being until the 1980s, and more specifically with the first published paper was in 1984 through Conkey and Spector, with the first real collection of essays published in 1991 in reference to a conference that took place in 1988. This collection was published by Conkey and Gero and is titled Engendering archaeology: Women and prehistory. In the process of trying to spark interest in the topic, Conkey and Gero set up a series of projects associated with gender to create paths of inquiry and to frame feminism within the arc haeological discipline (Wylie 1992, p. 15). There are two primary trends in the study of gender through archaeological approach. The first is to use written records as a comparison against archaeological finds. The primary problem with this, of course, is that not all civilizations have